Nitric acid, whose worldwide annual production is about 8 billion kilograms, is used to make many products, including fertilizer, dyes, and explosives. During the late 1990s the desai commission of enquiry into the. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric. The crystal structures of the lowtemperature and highpressure polymorphs of nitric acid pdf.
Never store mixtures of concentrated acids, particularly nitric acid, and organic or inorganic waste components. How is nitric acid made nitric acid is made from the reaction of ammonia with oxygen the first stage produces nitrogen monoxide. Nitric acid is also used for metal etching and processing of ferrous metals. Nitrogen manufacture of nitric acid ostwalds process. The same gas is formed as a pollutant in petrol engines. A student was given a task to determine the percentage purity of a sample of salicylic acid. Nitric acid concentration processes use a dehydrating agent such as sulfuric acid or. It is highly corrosive, strongly reactive, a powerful oxidizer and a poison. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water.
Johnson matthey catalysts education industrial catalysis. Nitric acid hno3 cid 944 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical. Subscribe to our youtube channel to watch more chemistry lectures. In making the fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, from nitric acid, it is necessary to neutralize the acidity of hno3. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia according to the following balanced equation. The manufacture of nitric acid is a threestage process. The principal chemical produced from nitric acid is ammonium nitrate. They are both used in the lead chamber process as catalysts to convert so 2 to so 3, which is the essential first step in the production of sulphuric acid. As a matter of fact, the material safety data sheet states that it has an extreme health rating of 4 which means it is a poison. The first step in the ostwald process for producing nitric. Nitric acid is an inorganic chemical that is used in the manufacture of nitrogenbased fertilizers, adipic acid, and explosives. The first known person to write a decription and discuss their method of sythesizing nitric acid was named jabir ibn hayyan born in persia c. Type of nitric acid process used for each nitric acid train low, medium, or dual pressure. A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro.
As an oxidizing agent, nitric acid can be reduced to a number of different products. Ostwald process for producing nitric acid worldofchemicals. This guidance for the transport of nitric acid have been drawn up by fertilizers europe, a sector group of cefic, with the help of expertise from members in order to ensure high safety standards in operations involving nitric acid transport. If a performance test was conducted, report the following. Most of this is used in fertilizers, although a relatively small amount is used to make explosives. Absorption process in the manufacture of nitric acid is very important because it controls the levels of no x and amount of nitric acid produced yields occur in this process. The production of nitric acid takes place in 3 process steps shown by the following main equations.
Wilhelm ostwald developed the process, and he patented it in 1902. He also discusses the changes that occur in the gauze leading to metal loss during operation. The ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen involves the following steps. Technical support document for the nitric acid production. Simplified schematic representation of a mh dual pressure nitric acid plant. Technical support document for the nitric acid production sector. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, silk industry, explosive materials such as t. Nitric acid is a highly corrosive mineral acid and is commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent. Study by entec on developing benchmarks for n2o activities and. Booklet nr 2 production of nitric acid by fertilizers. The reaction is highly exothermic and the heat given out by the reaction is sufficient to keep the reaction going.
Industrial preparation of nitric acid ostwald s method. Oct 25, 2016 nitrogen manufacture of nitric acid ostwalds process digiclass a. Summary of conditions and catalyst for ammonia oxidation. Preparation of nitric acid in industry, chemistry lecture. The fertilizer industry uses weak nitric acid in the range of 50 to 65% strength and thus the high concentration above 70% weight nitric acid production process is not included. The manufacture of nitric acid johnson matthey technology. Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia and is a key chemical in the manufacture of fertilizers. Number of times in the reporting year that missing data procedures were followed to measure nitric acid production months. Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauzes constitutes one of the worlds major chemical industries. Gcse science chemistry high school manufacture of nitric. Nitric acid hno 3 is an extremely important chemical used in the manufacture of fertilisers and explosives. The reaction is highly exothermic and the heat given out by the reaction is sufficient to keep the reaction. The nitric acid process the foundation of the modern nitric acid process was laid by kuhlmann in 1838 when he filed a patent for the catalytic oxidation of platinum metals rev. Production of nitric acid is via the ostwald process, named after german chemist wilhelm ostwald.
Separate documents have been submitted for the development of draft monitoring. Process basis process basis ammonia is reacted with air on platinumrhodium alloy catalysts in the oxidation section of nitric acid plants. The ostwald process for producing nitric acid from ammonia. The plants range in size from 6,000 to 700,000 tons per year. Then in step 2, the nitrogen dioxide that was formed is absorbed in water. In the first step in this reaction, ammonia and oxygen gas catalytically react to form nitrogen monoxide. Enhanced plant design for the production of azeotropic nitric acid 1. Emission factor calculated for each nitric acid train lb. Steps involved in ostwald process ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. Industrial manufacturing of nitric acid this document contain detailed step of industrial manufacturing of nitric acid.
Write the overall equation for the production of nitric acid by the ostwald process by combining the preceding equations water is also a product. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can oxidize metals and nonmetals easily. The guidance deal exclusively with the transport of nitric acid in tanks within europe and do not deal with. The most commonly used catalyst is platinum pt metal blended with rhodium rh to act as promoter. No 2 is an odd molecule since it has an unpaired electron sitting on the nitrogen. Calculating n2o emissions from the production of nitric acid. What are the uses of nitric acid on an industrial level. Nitric oxide no is a widespread signaling molecule that participates in virtually every cellular and organ function in the body for an historic perspective see. Now, following years of litigation, aeci has recently paid out an estimated r8 million to the victims of macassar. The ostwald process is a chemical process that in two stages, converts ammonia to nitric acid also known as hno3. Entropy data, available from the steam tables, can be used to calculate the exergy consumed at turbine t2. The ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers.
The vacuum tower and the atmospheric pressure tower were modeled by using equilibrium stage method and nonequilibrium stage method respectively. Nitrogen manufacture of nitric acid ostwalds process digiclass a. Nitric acid h no 3, also known as aqua fortis latin for strong water and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid the pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. N2o emissions and nitric acid production process p. Nitric acid oxidation design in the manufacture of adipic. Ammonia is used to make nitric acid hno3 by the ostwald process. Proposed rule for mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases. Nitric acid oxidation design in the manufacture of adipic acid shown in figs. The basic process technology for producing nitric acid has not changed. May 31, 2014 nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by ostwald process. The method used by the student to prepare a solution of salicylic acid is described below. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid 2. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.
About 70 percent of the nitric acid produced is consumed as an intermediate in the manufacture of. Never store mixtures of concentrated acids, particularly. Once ammonia has been produced by the haber process, it can be converted into nitric acid through a multistep procedure known as the ostwald process. It is made from ammonia by the ostwald process developed in 1902 by the german chemist wilhelm ostwald, who got the nobel prize in 1909. The first stage is the oxidation of ammonia and it uses a platinumrhodium catalyst.
The composite distillation columns consist of a multistage vacuum tower and an atmospheric pressure tower half of which consists of packed bed. A strong acid is an acid which essentially ionizes all its hydrogen ions in water solution. One of the best examples of the same is nitric acid. Nitric acid is witnessing rising demand for the manufacturing of fertilizers, nylon, explosives, and a variety of industrially useful organic and inorganic compounds, including adipic acid, toluene diisocyanate tdi, and nitrobenzene.
A nitric acid recovery process using composite distillation columns was modeled and simulated. O nitrous oxide emissions from the production of nitric acid. Multiply the equations so that the coefficients of the nproducts become the same as the neducts of the following line. The manufacture of nitric acid the role of platinum alloy gauzes in the ammonia oxidation process by h. The temperature of the system helps to determine which reaction predominates. Enhanced plant design for the production of azeotropic nitric. The ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. Whats happening here is ammonia is producing nitric acid. Nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by ostwald process.
In the most used industrial process, the benzene reacts with the nitric acid in the presence of a catalyst, the sulphuric acid. Nitric acid is also known as aqua fortis or azotic acid. In the ostwald process, nitric acid is made from ammonia. The ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid hno 3. Jan 25, 2016 industrial manufacturing of nitric acid this document contain detailed step of industrial manufacturing of nitric acid. In step 1, ammonia is oxidized to form nitric oxide and also nitrogen dioxide.
Submit the whole to distillation, in order to withdraw a liquor which has a high solvent action. Disaster strikes texas city 16 april 1947 the texas city disaster was a major 20thcentury. Practice tests and free video lectures for physics, chemistry. The purpose of this simulation was to observe the thermodynamic. The manufacture of nitric acid is a process which starts with the oxidation of ammonia, and includes several steps. The first step in the industrial production process is the oxidation of ammonia. In the process for step 1, ammonia is oxidized to form nitric oxide and also nitrogen dioxide. Historically and practically, the ostwald process is closely associated with the haber. In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of this process, and describes in some detail the chemical reaction taking place at the platinum surface.
Nitric oxide and water are formed in this process according to the main equation. Take a pound of cyprus vitriol, a pound and a half of saltpetre, and a quarter of a pound of alum. Now, as you can see, the process isnt quite that simple. Nitric acid is produced industrially through a multistep reaction process known as ostwald process. Modeling and simulation of a nitric acid recovery process. Nitric acid hno3, also known as aqua fortis latin for strong water and spirit of niter, is a. Aug 15, 2019 ostwald process for making nitric acid. Nitric acid acts as an acid in the manufacture of chemical fertilizers. Exergy analyzing method in process integration of the nitric acid production plant 111 ln 1 2 0 p p gr t h ex t lm cons. Industrial manufacturing of nitric acid linkedin slideshare. Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Never mix concentrated nitric acid and organics, such as acetone, unless you are following a respectable procedure and use a blast shield and proper precautions. They are also precursors in the ostwald process for the manufacture of nitric acid see below no 2 a strange dimer. Production of nitric acid ostwalds process nitric acid is obtained by oswalds process in which oxidation of ammonia is carried out in presence of a catalyst.
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